Es natural en el hombre relacionarse con su entorno y socializar, pero cuando estos vínculos se rompen se piensa que cierto problema no tiene solución y la persona se encuentra sumergida en un estado de depresión total. Entonces, ve en el suicidio una salida fácil y rápida para acabar con tanto malestar emocional. En este trabajo encontraremos los factores que influyen en la toma de esta trágica decisión, su control y su prevención.
1.- Definición:
Según algunos diccionarios se podría definir como "Acción o conducta que perjudica o puede perjudicar muy gravemente a quien la realiza". Es el acto trágico de quitarse la vida uno mismo de forma voluntaria. Muchas religiones lo consideran un pecado y en algunos estados aún se considera un delito. Por otra parte, algunas culturas lo ven como una forma honorable de escapar de algunas situaciones humillantes, sin escapatoria o dolorosas en extremo.
Toda muerte meditada o inmediata de un acto positivo o negativo, ejecutado por la misma víctima, se considera suicidio. La persona renuncia a su existencia, este acto es cumplido con conciencia de lo que va a ocasionar. La víctima sabe cuál va a ser el resultado de su conducta.
Puesto que la depresión ocurre en la mayoría de las mujeres, no es sorpresa esperar que ellas sean las que tienen más incidencias en lo que respecta a intentos de suicidio. Es alrededor de 3 veces más que los hombres; sin embargo, los intentos de los hombres son más exitosos.
Para explicar el suicidio analizaremos 4 factores: biológico, genético, psicológico y sociológico:
Factor Biológico
Las personas que tienen cierta vulnerabilidad hacia el suicidio presentan un descenso en los niveles de serotonina (neurotransmisor) en el líquido encefalorraquídeo. La serotonina es un neurotransmisor que afecta los estados de ánimo y las emociones, se desintegra en el cuerpo.
También se ha encontrado un descenso en la actividad dopaminérgica.
Factor Genético
Factor Psicológico
Para el Psicoanálisis, el suicidio es un homicidio contra uno mismo causado por el abandono vivido de los demás. La agresividad que siento hacia otros la dirijo hacia mí y por eso me suicido.
Según Shneidman las personas se provocarían la muerte por una diversidad de otras razones psicológicas tales como:
1.- Búsqueda de solución a un problema que genera sufrimiento.
2.- Es una manera de cesar la conciencia, no necesariamente la vida.
3.- El dolor que no controlamos es un riesgo de suicidio para acabar con ese dolor incontrolable.
4.- La emoción del suicidio es la desesperanza y el desamparo.
5.- Su actitud: la ambivalencia. Vivir y morir a la vez pero uno de los sentimientos surge con más fuerza.
6.- Vergüenza, culpa, desesperanza y dolor.
7.- El suicidio es un acto de comunicación interpersonal con "pistas" a modo de señales que ha ido dejando el ejecutor.
Factor Sociológico
Los índices de suicidio varían con la ocupación, tamaño de la ciudad de residencia, posición socioeconómica, edad, género y situación matrimonial. En un trabajo realizado por el sociólogo francés Emile Durkeim se pudo relacionar las diferencias en los índices de suicidio con el impacto de las fuerzas económicas sobre la persona. Propuso tres categorías de suicidio:
- El Suicidio Egoísta:
Resulta de una incapacidad para integrarse con la sociedad. El fracaso de los vínculos con la comunidad priva a la persona de los sistemas de apoyo que son necesarios para el funcionamiento adaptativo. Sin dicho apoyo e incapaz de de funcionar de manera adaptativa, la persona se aísla y se enajena de las demás personas.
- El Suicidio Altruista:
La decisión de la persona es motivada por el deseo de favorecer los objetivos de grupo o lograr algún bien mayor, y ni siquiera piensa en reivindicar su derecho a la vida. Las presiones del grupo pueden hacer de este acto algo muy aceptable y honroso. Durante la segunda guerra mundial los pilotos kamikaze japonés dirigían de manera voluntaria sus aviones hasta chocar con los barcos enemigos "por el Emperador y la gloria de Japón". En conclusión se obedece las órdenes del grupo hasta el extremo de ahogar en sí mismo el instinto de conservación.
- El Suicidio Anómico:
Es el más característico de la sociedad moderna, afecta a los individuos a causa de las condiciones de existencia que caracterizan a las sociedades modernas.
En estas sociedades, la existencia social ya no está regulada por la costumbre; los individuos compiten permanentemente unos con otros, esperan mucho de la existencia y les piden mucho, y por lo tanto están acechados perpetuamente por el sufrimiento que se origina en la desproporción entre sus aspiraciones y satisfacciones. Esta atmósfera de inquietud es propicia para el desarrollo de la corriente suicidógena.
Estas explicaciones psicosociales pueden ser válidas hasta cierta medida, Como se ha señalado a menudo, las correlaciones no implican relaciones de causa y efecto, por la tanto las tres categorías de Durkeim son más descriptivas que explicativas ya que no explican porque solo ciertos miembros de cualquiera de los grupos antes mencionados cometen suicidio y otros no.
2.- Contexto histórico y social
A lo largo de la historia la actitud de la sociedad hacia este acto ha variado. En la época del Imperio Romano este acto era permitido. El filósofo romano Séneca lo ensalzaba como acto de una persona libre. Sin embargo, para san Agustín, el suicidio era un pecado.
El suicidio ha estado ligado a la humanidad y sus costumbres: los mayas, según refiere la historia, veneraban a Ixtab, la diosa del suicidio, y, en el Lejano Oriente, los japoneses se hacían el "harakiri" para lavar la deshonra.
Después la iglesia cristiana decretó que aquellos que cometieran suicidio no se le podría aplicar los rituales funerarios, ya que "El ser humano no tiene derecho a quitarse la vida que Dios le ha dado".
Actualmente el suicidio es considerado desde un punto de vista más psicológico que moral.
3.- Formulaciones psicoanalíticas según
diferentes autores:
- Freud postula que la depresión y el consiguiente suicidio son resultado de un gran impulso agresivo contra un objeto interior, que era amado y ahora es odiado.
- Menninger habla de un instinto de muerte y postula tres elementos del suicidio: Un deseo de matar, un deseo de ser matado y uno de morir.
- Zilborg considera al suicidio como una forma de frustrar las fuerzas externas, y de conseguir la inmortalidad.
- O Cannor dice que la sensación experimentada por la persona de alcanzar por medio del suicidio la omnipotencia, nos retrae a un narcisismo de la autoridad.
- Gorma hace resaltar la impotencia de la pérdida de un objeto de amor: El suicidio sería el medio para recuperarlo
- Bergler habla de suicidio introyectivo e histérico.
Es muy peligroso asumir que la depresión causa suicidio ya que la mayoría de las personas que están deprimidas no comenten suicidio, los análisis no dicen que las personas que están deprimidas tienen deseos suicidas. Por ejemplo, se ha encontrado que los deseos de suicidio ocurrieron en el 74% de un grupo de personas deprimidas de gravedad. Un deseo de suicidio es muy diferente a un intento de suicidio.
El suicidio está entre las diez causas principales de muerte en zonas industrializadas del mundo y es la segunda o tercera causa más importante de muerte entre los jóvenes. El suicidio en los jóvenes no es un acto impulsivo del momento, sino por lo general ocurre como etapa final de un periodo de crisis interna y malestar externo, es una reacción extrema que ocurre en especial cuando los adolescentes se sienten incapaces de buscar ayuda en los demás.
Se cree que la desesperanza, o expectativas negativas acerca del futuro pueden ser el catalizador principal en el suicidio y podría ser un factor aún más importante que la depresión. El trabajo de Beck sobre el suicidio ha dado por resultado diversas escalas de depresión y tendencia al suicidio: El inventario de depresión de Beck, La escala para Ideación suicida, La escala de intento suicida y La escala de desesperanza.
Estos han sido empleados en numerosos estudios de resultados y usados de manera rutinaria en un ambiente clínico para supervisar y tratar a los pacientes.
Aunque no tan intensos como la desesperanza o la depresión, hay otro factores psicológicos se correlacionan con el suicidio. Por ejemplo:
- Trastornos afectivo
- Esquizofrenia
- Abuso de sustancias
- Separación y divorcio
- Presiones académicas
- Vergüenza
- Enfermedades graves
Otras tensiones emocionales de la vida pueden ser factores contribuyentes, otro seria el consumo del alcohol.
La desesperanza es un factor más poderoso, cuando el futuro se ve desolado y el pesimismo domina el estado de ánimo de una persona, es más probable que se intente el suicidio.
Hay 2 grupos de personas en especial que son víctimas del suicidio. Tenemos a los: adolescentes, Jóvenes y niños, y ancianos. En los adultos también se da el suicidio pero en cantidades menores.
- Suicidio entre niños y
adolescentes:
Los jóvenes encuentran la vida tan dolorosa que de forma deliberada se causan la muerte. El suicidio en niños menores de 14 años aumenta de forma alarmante y en los jóvenes aumenta más rápido.
Dos estudios realizados a 505 personas entre niños y adolescentes que han intentado suicidarse han ayudado a identificar ciertas características:
- Los síntomas clínicos mostrados tanto en niños como en adolescentes fueron afecto fluctuante y agresividad, hostilidad, o ambos.
- La mayor parte de ellos intentos fueron realizados en la tarde o en la noche.
- Hubo tres veces más niñas que niños, y de los varones que intentaron suicidarse eran menores que las mujeres.
El segundo estudio se correlaciono la inestabilidad y el estrés familiar, una atmósfera familiar caótica y decepciones amorosas con los intentos de suicidio.
Aunque muchos factores pueden haber conducido a estas muertes trágicas, la sugestión y la imitación parecen haber desempeñado un papel en especial poderoso. La adolescencia es una época difícil y turbulenta, y para la mayoría de ellos el suicidio parece ser una repuesta lógica al dolor y al estrés de madurar.
Debido a su inmadurez emocional y psicológica ante la presión familiar por su poca capacidad intelectual o una decepción amorosa ven en el suicidio una salida fácil.
- Suicidio entre ancianos
Los ancianos empiezan a tener cambios vitales que se vuelven cada vez más estresantes conforme pasan los años. Los amigos y parientes mueren, el aislamiento social puede aumentar y el prospecto de muerte se vuelve más real. El suicidio en esta etapa viene acompañado de una profunda depresión. Los ancianos se empiezan a deprimir al sentirse incapaces de realizar algún trabajo o también al enterarse de que sufren alguna enfermedad terminal, entonces para acabar con todo ese dolor y sufrimiento optan por el suicidio.
Pueden ser externos o internos.
- Controles externos: Son aquellos por medio de los cuales la sociedad influye en el individuo para que acepte su situación y continúe viviendo.
Ej: tabúes, religión, mitos, costumbres, familia, hijos, etc.
También tienen importancia las acciones de los otros tipos, con respecto al individuo en cuestión
Ej: la compresión, el apoyo, interés y preocupación
Ej: la compresión, el apoyo, interés y preocupación
- Controles internos: Pueden ser los ideales, las normas, la conciencia, la moralidad y los sentimientos de responsabilidad de la persona. Además la estructura de su personalidad puede ser tal que de a la persona flexibilidad, adaptabilidad, independencia y sentimientos de autoestima que le permitan soportar. Por el contrario, una persona puede ser más vulnerable a causa de su personalidad rígida, excesiva dependencia concepto pobre de si mismos.
El suicidio afecta no solo a la persona que comete el acto sino también a las personas que dejan atrás. Los seres queridos de la victima con frecuencia responden con negación y conmoción, seguidas de pena y cólera que solo se resolverán cuando "dejen ir" al fallecido. Los profesionales de la salud mental que atendían a un cliente que comete suicidio también experimentan un malestar psicológico
En casi todos los casos de suicidio, hay pistas de que el acto está próximo a ocurrir. El suicidio es irreversible, así que prevenirlo depende mucho de la detección temprana y de la intervención exitosa. Los profesionales de la salud mental implicados en la prevención del suicidio operan bajo la suposición de que las victimas potenciales se encuentran ambivalentes respecto al acto, ósea el deseo de morir es fuerte pero también lo es el deseo de vivir. A si que los rescatadores potenciales son entrenados para ejercer sus esfuerzos para conservar la vida
- Pistas de intento de suicidio
La prevención del suicidio depende de la capacidad del terapeuta para reconocer sus señales, tanto demográficas como específicas, la mayor parte de los suicidios tienes una historia de antecedentes de haber hecho amenazas de suicidio; ignorarlas es en extremo peligroso.
Las características generales ayudan a menudo a detectar suicidas en potencia. El potencial suicida aumenta si la persona tiene acceso directo a los medios del suicidio. Hay que estar alerta ya que a veces las pistas son demasiado sutiles como "Adiós, estarás mejor sin mí".
- Intervención en crisis
La prevención puede ocurrir en varios niveles. En el nivel clínico, se hacen intentos para educar al personal de instituciones mentales e incluso de las escuelas para que reconozcan las condiciones y síntomas que revelan a los suicidas en potencia. La intervención en crisis esta dirigida para dar ayuda intensiva a corto plazo al paciente para que resuelva una crisis inmediata puede ser hospitalizado de inmediato, proporcionándole tratamiento medico y ser atendido por un equipo psiquiátrico hasta que se estabilice y la crisis inmediata haya pasado.
Esperar a los estudios empíricos es un lujo que no puede permitirse ya que la vida de una persona esta en juego
Psicología de la conducta anormal, JOHN M. NEALE Y GERALD C. DAVISON
Psicología y vida décimo séptima edición, RICHARD J. Y PHILIP G.
Biblioteca de consulta encarta 2005 MICROSOFT
Biografía del autor:
Mi nombre es Katherine Isabel Uscuvilca Rojas, Estudiante, De edad de 17 años, Nacida en Arequipa -Perú- en el año de 1990 pero criada en Lima desde los 2 años, la etapa de secundaria fue realizada en el colegio Gral. "Emilio Soyer Cabero", actualmente cursando el I ciclo en la "Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega"
Katherine Isabel Uscuvilca Rojas
Este trabajo fue hecho en Perú, Lima el viernes 2 de noviembre del 2007
It is natural in man to relate to his environment and socialize, but when these bonds are broken it is thought that a certain problem has no solution and the person is submerged in a state of total depression. Then, in suicide, he sees an easy and quick way out to end this emotional upset. In this work we will find the factors that influence the making of this tragic decision, its control and its prevention.
According to some dictionaries could be defined as "Action or conduct that harms or can seriously harm the person who does it." It is the tragic act of taking one's life voluntarily. Many religions consider it a sin and in some states it is still considered a crime. On the other hand, some cultures see it as an honorable way of escaping some humiliating situations, with no escape or extreme pain.
Any meditated or immediate death of a positive or negative act, executed by the same victim, is considered suicide. The person renounces their existence, this act is fulfilled with awareness of what is going to cause. The victim knows what the outcome of their behavior will be.
Since depression occurs in most women, it is no surprise to expect them to have the most impact on suicide attempts. It is about 3 times more than men; However, men's attempts are more successful.
To explain suicide we will analyze four factors: biological, genetic, psychological and sociological:
People who have a certain vulnerability to suicide have a decrease in the levels of serotonin (neurotransmitter) in the brain stem. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that affects moods and emotions, disintegrates in the body.
A decline in dopaminergic activity has also been found.
The study of family trees has confirmed that there is some genetic transmission.
For psychoanalysis, suicide is a homicide against oneself caused by the lived abandonment of others. The aggressiveness I feel towards others is directed towards me and that is why I commit suicide.
According to Shneidman people would be brought to death for a variety of other psychological reasons such as:
1.- Search for a solution to a problem that causes suffering.
2 .- It is a way to cease consciousness, not necessarily life.
3.- The pain we do not control is a suicide risk to end this uncontrollable pain.
4.- The emotion of suicide is despair and helplessness.
5.- His attitude: ambivalence. Living and dying at the same time but one of the feelings emerges with more force.
6. Shame, guilt, hopelessness and pain.
7.- Suicide is an act of interpersonal communication with "clues" as a sign that has left the executor
Suicide rates vary with occupation, size of city of residence, socioeconomic status, age, gender, and marital status. In a paper by the French sociologist Emile Durkeim, the differences in suicide rates could be related to the impact of economic forces on the person. He proposed three categories of suicide:
It results from an inability to integrate with society. Failure to link with the community deprives the person of the support systems that are necessary for adaptive functioning. Without such support and unable to function adaptively, the person isolates and alienates from other people.
The decision of the person is motivated by the desire to favor group goals or achieve some greater good, and does not even think about claiming their right to life. The pressures of the group can make this act very acceptable and honorable. During the Second World War Japanese kamikaze pilots voluntarily ran their planes until they collided with enemy ships "by the Emperor and the glory of Japan." In conclusion the orders of the group are obeyed to the extent of drowning in itself the instinct of conservation.
It is the most characteristic of modern society, it affects individuals because of the conditions of existence that characterize modern societies.
In these societies, social existence is no longer regulated by custom; Individuals constantly compete with each other, expect much of existence and ask for much, and therefore are perpetually stalked by the suffering that originates in the disproportion between their aspirations and satisfactions. This atmosphere of restlessness is conducive to the development of the suicidogenic current.
These psychosocial explanations may be valid to some extent. As has been often pointed out, correlations do not involve cause and effect relationships, so Durkeim's three categories are more descriptive than explanatory because they do not explain why only certain members of any Of the above mentioned groups commit suicide and others do not.
Throughout history the attitude of society towards this act has varied. At the time of the Roman Empire this act was permitted. The Roman philosopher Seneca praised him as an act of a free person. However, for St. Augustine, suicide was a sin.
Suicide has been linked to mankind and its customs: the Mayans, according to history, worshiped Ixtab, the goddess of suicide, and in the Far East, the Japanese became the "harakiri" to wash away dishonor.
Later the Christian church decreed that those who committed suicide could not be applied funeral rituals, since "The human being has no right to take the life that God has given him."
Nowadays, suicide is considered from a psychological rather than a moral point of view.
- Freud postulates that depression and subsequent suicide are the result of a great aggressive impulse against an inner object, which was loved and is now hated.
- Menninger speaks of a death instinct and postulates three elements of suicide: A desire to kill, a desire to be killed and one to die.
- Zilborg considers suicide as a way to frustrate external forces, and to achieve immortality.
- Or Cannor says that the sensation experienced by the person to reach by suicide omnipotence, retracts us to a narcissism of authority.
- Gorma highlights the impotence of the loss of an object of love: Suicide would be the means to recover it
- Bergler talks about introjective and hysterical suicide.
It is very dangerous to assume that depression causes suicide since most people who are depressed do not report suicide, the analyzes do not say that people who are depressed have suicidal wishes. For example, suicide wishes have been found to occur in 74% of a group of severely depressed people. A desire for suicide is very different from an attempted suicide.
Suicide is among the top 10 leading causes of death in industrialized areas of the world and is the second or third leading cause of death among young people. Suicide in young people is not an impulsive act of the moment, but usually occurs as the final stage of a period of internal crisis and external discomfort, it is an extreme reaction that occurs especially when adolescents feel unable to seek help in the the rest.
It is believed that hopelessness, or negative expectations about the future may be the main catalyst in suicide and could be an even more important factor than depression. Beck's work on suicide has resulted in various scales of depression and a tendency toward suicide: Beck's Depression Inventory, The Scale for Suicidal Ideation, The Scale of Suicide Attempt and The Scale of Hopelessness.
These have been used in numerous outcome studies and routinely used in a clinical setting to monitor and treat patients.
Although not as intense as hopelessness or depression, there are other psychological factors that correlate with suicide. For example:
Affective Disorders
Schizophrenia
Substance abuse
Separation and divorce
Academic pressures
Shame
Serious diseases
Other emotional stresses in life can be contributing factors, another serious alcohol consumption.
Hopelessness is a more powerful factor, when the future looks bleak and pessimism dominates a person's mood, suicide is more likely to be attempted.
Image result for SUICIDE
There are 2 groups of people in particular who are victims of suicide. We have: teens, youth and children, and elders. In adults, suicide also occurs but in smaller amounts.
Young people find life so painful that they deliberately cause death. Suicide in children under 14 years of age increases alarmingly and in young people increases faster.
Two studies of 505 people among children and adolescents who have attempted suicide have helped identify certain characteristics:
Clinical symptoms shown in both children and adolescents were fluctuating affect and aggressiveness, hostility, or both.
Most of them attempts were made in the afternoon or at night.
There were three times as many girls as boys, and boys who attempted suicide were smaller than women.
The second study correlated instability and family stress, a chaotic family atmosphere and amorous disappointments with suicide attempts.
Although many factors may have led to these tragic deaths, suggestion and imitation seem to have played a particularly powerful role. Adolescence is a difficult and turbulent time, and for most of them suicide seems to be a logical response to the pain and stress of maturing.
Due to their emotional and psychological immaturity in the face of family pressure due to their lack of intellectual ability or disappointment, they see suicide as an easy way out.
The elderly begin to have vital changes that become increasingly stressful as the years pass. Friends and relatives die, social isolation can increase and the prospect of death becomes more real. Suicide at this stage is accompanied by a deep depression. The elderly begin to feel depressed when they feel incapable of doing any work or also when they learn that they suffer from terminal illness, then to end all that pain and suffering they choose to commit suicide.
- External controls: are those through which society influences the individual to accept their situation and continue to live.
Eg: taboos, religion, myths, customs, family, children, etc.
Also important are the actions of the other types, with respect to the individual in question
Ex: compression, support, interest and concern
They can be the ideals, the norms, the conscience, the morality and the feelings of responsibility of the person. In addition the structure of his personality can be such that the person's flexibility, adaptability, independence and feelings of self-esteem allow him to endure. On the contrary, a person may be more vulnerable because of their rigid personality, excessive dependence poor concept of themselves.
Suicide affects not only the person who commits the act but also the people they leave behind. The loved ones of the victim frequently respond with denial and shock, followed by grief and anger that will only be solved when they "let go" of the deceased. Mental health professionals caring for a client who commits suicide also experience psychological distress
In almost all cases of suicide, there are clues that the act is about to occur. Suicide is irreversible, so preventing it depends heavily on early detection and successful intervention. Mental health professionals involved in suicide prevention operate under the assumption that potential victims are ambivalent about the act, the desire to die is strong, but so is the desire to live. Whether potential rescuers are trained to exercise their life-sustaining efforts
Prevention of suicide depends on the therapist's ability to recognize his or her signs, both demographic and specific; most suicides have a background history of having made threats of suicide; Ignoring them is extremely dangerous.
General characteristics often help detect potential suicides. Suicidal potential increases if the person has direct access to the means of suicide. Be aware that sometimes the clues are too subtle like "Goodbye, you'll be better off without me".
Prevention can occur on several levels. At the clinical level, attempts are being made to educate the staff of mental institutions and even schools to recognize the conditions and symptoms that reveal potential suicides. Crisis intervention is aimed at giving short-term intensive intensive care to the patient so that an immediate crisis can be immediately hospitalized, given medical treatment, and treated by a psychiatric team until it stabilizes and the immediate crisis has passed.
Waiting for empirical studies is a luxury that can not be afforded since a person's life is at stake
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Psychology of Abnormal Behavior, JOHN M. NEALE AND GERALD C. DAVISON
Psychology and Life seventeenth edition, RICHARD J. AND PHILIP G.
2005 MICROSOFT query library
Biography of the author:
My name is Katherine Isabel Uscuvilca Rojas, Student, 17 years old, born in Arequipa - Peru - in 1990 but raised in Lima from the age of 2, the secondary stage was held in the General School "Emilio Soyer Cabero ", currently taking the 1st cycle at the" Inca University Garcilaso de la Vega "
Katherine Isabel Uscuvilca Rojas
It is natural in man to relate to his environment and socialize, but when these bonds are broken it is thought that a certain problem has no solution and the person is submerged in a state of total depression. Then, in suicide, he sees an easy and quick way out to end this emotional upset. In this work we will find the factors that influence the making of this tragic decision, its control and its prevention.
1.- Definition:
Any meditated or immediate death of a positive or negative act, executed by the same victim, is considered suicide. The person renounces their existence, this act is fulfilled with awareness of what is going to cause. The victim knows what the outcome of their behavior will be.
Since depression occurs in most women, it is no surprise to expect them to have the most impact on suicide attempts. It is about 3 times more than men; However, men's attempts are more successful.
To explain suicide we will analyze four factors: biological, genetic, psychological and sociological:
Biological Factor
People who have a certain vulnerability to suicide have a decrease in the levels of serotonin (neurotransmitter) in the brain stem. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that affects moods and emotions, disintegrates in the body.
A decline in dopaminergic activity has also been found.
Genetic Factor
The study of family trees has confirmed that there is some genetic transmission.
Psychological Factor
For psychoanalysis, suicide is a homicide against oneself caused by the lived abandonment of others. The aggressiveness I feel towards others is directed towards me and that is why I commit suicide.
According to Shneidman people would be brought to death for a variety of other psychological reasons such as:
1.- Search for a solution to a problem that causes suffering.
2 .- It is a way to cease consciousness, not necessarily life.
3.- The pain we do not control is a suicide risk to end this uncontrollable pain.
4.- The emotion of suicide is despair and helplessness.
5.- His attitude: ambivalence. Living and dying at the same time but one of the feelings emerges with more force.
6. Shame, guilt, hopelessness and pain.
7.- Suicide is an act of interpersonal communication with "clues" as a sign that has left the executor
Sociological Factor
Suicide rates vary with occupation, size of city of residence, socioeconomic status, age, gender, and marital status. In a paper by the French sociologist Emile Durkeim, the differences in suicide rates could be related to the impact of economic forces on the person. He proposed three categories of suicide:
- The Selfish Suicide:
- Altruistic Suicide:
The decision of the person is motivated by the desire to favor group goals or achieve some greater good, and does not even think about claiming their right to life. The pressures of the group can make this act very acceptable and honorable. During the Second World War Japanese kamikaze pilots voluntarily ran their planes until they collided with enemy ships "by the Emperor and the glory of Japan." In conclusion the orders of the group are obeyed to the extent of drowning in itself the instinct of conservation.
- Anomic Suicide:
In these societies, social existence is no longer regulated by custom; Individuals constantly compete with each other, expect much of existence and ask for much, and therefore are perpetually stalked by the suffering that originates in the disproportion between their aspirations and satisfactions. This atmosphere of restlessness is conducive to the development of the suicidogenic current.
These psychosocial explanations may be valid to some extent. As has been often pointed out, correlations do not involve cause and effect relationships, so Durkeim's three categories are more descriptive than explanatory because they do not explain why only certain members of any Of the above mentioned groups commit suicide and others do not.
2.- Historical and social context
Throughout history the attitude of society towards this act has varied. At the time of the Roman Empire this act was permitted. The Roman philosopher Seneca praised him as an act of a free person. However, for St. Augustine, suicide was a sin.
Suicide has been linked to mankind and its customs: the Mayans, according to history, worshiped Ixtab, the goddess of suicide, and in the Far East, the Japanese became the "harakiri" to wash away dishonor.
Later the Christian church decreed that those who committed suicide could not be applied funeral rituals, since "The human being has no right to take the life that God has given him."
Nowadays, suicide is considered from a psychological rather than a moral point of view.
3.- Psychoanalytic formulations according
to different authors:
- Freud postulates that depression and subsequent suicide are the result of a great aggressive impulse against an inner object, which was loved and is now hated.
- Menninger speaks of a death instinct and postulates three elements of suicide: A desire to kill, a desire to be killed and one to die.
- Zilborg considers suicide as a way to frustrate external forces, and to achieve immortality.
- Or Cannor says that the sensation experienced by the person to reach by suicide omnipotence, retracts us to a narcissism of authority.
- Gorma highlights the impotence of the loss of an object of love: Suicide would be the means to recover it
- Bergler talks about introjective and hysterical suicide.
It is very dangerous to assume that depression causes suicide since most people who are depressed do not report suicide, the analyzes do not say that people who are depressed have suicidal wishes. For example, suicide wishes have been found to occur in 74% of a group of severely depressed people. A desire for suicide is very different from an attempted suicide.
Suicide is among the top 10 leading causes of death in industrialized areas of the world and is the second or third leading cause of death among young people. Suicide in young people is not an impulsive act of the moment, but usually occurs as the final stage of a period of internal crisis and external discomfort, it is an extreme reaction that occurs especially when adolescents feel unable to seek help in the the rest.
It is believed that hopelessness, or negative expectations about the future may be the main catalyst in suicide and could be an even more important factor than depression. Beck's work on suicide has resulted in various scales of depression and a tendency toward suicide: Beck's Depression Inventory, The Scale for Suicidal Ideation, The Scale of Suicide Attempt and The Scale of Hopelessness.
These have been used in numerous outcome studies and routinely used in a clinical setting to monitor and treat patients.
4.- Other psychological factors and Suicide
Although not as intense as hopelessness or depression, there are other psychological factors that correlate with suicide. For example:
Affective Disorders
Schizophrenia
Substance abuse
Separation and divorce
Academic pressures
Shame
Serious diseases
Other emotional stresses in life can be contributing factors, another serious alcohol consumption.
Hopelessness is a more powerful factor, when the future looks bleak and pessimism dominates a person's mood, suicide is more likely to be attempted.
Image result for SUICIDE
5.- Victims of suicide
There are 2 groups of people in particular who are victims of suicide. We have: teens, youth and children, and elders. In adults, suicide also occurs but in smaller amounts.
- Suicide among children and
adolescents:
Two studies of 505 people among children and adolescents who have attempted suicide have helped identify certain characteristics:
Clinical symptoms shown in both children and adolescents were fluctuating affect and aggressiveness, hostility, or both.
Most of them attempts were made in the afternoon or at night.
There were three times as many girls as boys, and boys who attempted suicide were smaller than women.
The second study correlated instability and family stress, a chaotic family atmosphere and amorous disappointments with suicide attempts.
Although many factors may have led to these tragic deaths, suggestion and imitation seem to have played a particularly powerful role. Adolescence is a difficult and turbulent time, and for most of them suicide seems to be a logical response to the pain and stress of maturing.
Due to their emotional and psychological immaturity in the face of family pressure due to their lack of intellectual ability or disappointment, they see suicide as an easy way out.
Suicide among the elderly
6.- Suicide control
They can be external or internal.
- External controls: are those through which society influences the individual to accept their situation and continue to live.
Eg: taboos, religion, myths, customs, family, children, etc.
Also important are the actions of the other types, with respect to the individual in question
Ex: compression, support, interest and concern
- Internal controls:
They can be the ideals, the norms, the conscience, the morality and the feelings of responsibility of the person. In addition the structure of his personality can be such that the person's flexibility, adaptability, independence and feelings of self-esteem allow him to endure. On the contrary, a person may be more vulnerable because of their rigid personality, excessive dependence poor concept of themselves.
Suicide affects not only the person who commits the act but also the people they leave behind. The loved ones of the victim frequently respond with denial and shock, followed by grief and anger that will only be solved when they "let go" of the deceased. Mental health professionals caring for a client who commits suicide also experience psychological distress
7.- Prevention of suicide
In almost all cases of suicide, there are clues that the act is about to occur. Suicide is irreversible, so preventing it depends heavily on early detection and successful intervention. Mental health professionals involved in suicide prevention operate under the assumption that potential victims are ambivalent about the act, the desire to die is strong, but so is the desire to live. Whether potential rescuers are trained to exercise their life-sustaining efforts
- Attempts to commit suicide
Prevention of suicide depends on the therapist's ability to recognize his or her signs, both demographic and specific; most suicides have a background history of having made threats of suicide; Ignoring them is extremely dangerous.
General characteristics often help detect potential suicides. Suicidal potential increases if the person has direct access to the means of suicide. Be aware that sometimes the clues are too subtle like "Goodbye, you'll be better off without me".
- Crisis intervention
Prevention can occur on several levels. At the clinical level, attempts are being made to educate the staff of mental institutions and even schools to recognize the conditions and symptoms that reveal potential suicides. Crisis intervention is aimed at giving short-term intensive intensive care to the patient so that an immediate crisis can be immediately hospitalized, given medical treatment, and treated by a psychiatric team until it stabilizes and the immediate crisis has passed.
Waiting for empirical studies is a luxury that can not be afforded since a person's life is at stake
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Psychology of Abnormal Behavior, JOHN M. NEALE AND GERALD C. DAVISON
Psychology and Life seventeenth edition, RICHARD J. AND PHILIP G.
2005 MICROSOFT query library
Biography of the author:
My name is Katherine Isabel Uscuvilca Rojas, Student, 17 years old, born in Arequipa - Peru - in 1990 but raised in Lima from the age of 2, the secondary stage was held in the General School "Emilio Soyer Cabero ", currently taking the 1st cycle at the" Inca University Garcilaso de la Vega "
Katherine Isabel Uscuvilca Rojas
No hay comentarios.:
Publicar un comentario